Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis in many parts of the world. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in adults include age ≥65 years, an underlying immunocompromised state, the presence of cochlear implants, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in routine immunisation programmes has resulted in the decreased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and nasopharyngeal carriage. However, poor vaccination uptake, advent of antimicrobial resistance, and serotype replacement remain significant challenges.