References

1. Starfield B. Is primary care essential? Lancet 1994;344: 1129-33.

2. Rassel. N Eng J Med 1995:332: 1164-8.

3. World Development Report 1993, Investing in health. World bank. Oxford University press. New York.

4. WONCA/WHO, Making medical practice and education more relevant to the peoples needs: the role of the family doctor. Hong Kong 1995.

5. Rivo M, Satcher D. Improving access to health care through physician workforce reform. JAMA, 1992;1074-8.

6. Nuttey P, Clancy CM, Franks C. Gatekeeping revisited: Protecting patients from over treatment. N Eng J Med, 1992;327: 424-9.

7. Greenfield S, Nelson EC, Zubkoff M, et al. Variation in resource utilisation among medical specialities and systems of care: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1992;267: 1624-30.

8. Rosenblatt RA. Specialist or generalist: on whom shall we base the American health care system?

9. Dietrich AJ, Nelson EC, Kirk JW, Zubkoff M, O'Conner GT. Do primary care doctors actually manage care their patients fee-for-service care? JAMA, 1988;250: 3145-9.

10. Roland M, Morris R. Are referrals by general practitioners influenced by the availability of consultants? BMJ. 1988;297: 599-600.

11. Wasson JH, Sauvigne AK, Mogielnicki RP, et al. Continuity of medical care in elderly men JAMA. 1984;252: 2413-7.

12. Manning WG, Leibowitz A, Goldberg GA, Rogers WH, Newhouse JR A controlled trial of the effects of a prepaid group practice on use of services. N Eng J Med. 1984;310: 1505-10.

13. Hornbrook MC, Berki SE. Practice and payment method: effects on cost, use, quality and access. Med Care 1985; 23: 484-511.

14. Dale J, Green J, Glucksman, Higgs R, Providing for Primary Care: Progress in A & E Dept of General Practice and Primary Care, King's College Hospital London SE5 9 PJ. UK.

15. Gronenwegen P et al. Remunerating general practitioners in Western Europe. NIVEL 1987. Utrecht.

 

16. Sjonell G. Relationship between use of increased primary health care and other out-patient care in a Swedish urban area. Thesis. Sundbyberg: Karolinska Institute, 1984.

17. Kekki P. Analysis of relationship between resources and use of health services in Finland. Helsinki: The Research Institute for Social Security of the Social Insurance Institution. 1979.

18. Wescott LB. Hunderton. The rise and fall of a medical Camelot. N Eng J Med 1979;300: 952-6.

19. Somers A. And who shall be the gatekeeper? The role of the primary physician in the health care system. Inquiry/volume XX, Winter 1983.

20. Smedby B et al. Kvartersakuten i Stockholm. Student litteratur 1992. Lund.

21. Hayes TM, Harries J. Randomised controlled trial of routine hospital clinic care versus routine general practice care for type II diabetics Br Med J 1984;289: 728-30.

22. Singh BM, Holland MR, Thorn PA. Metabolic control in diabetes in general practice clinics: comparison with a hospital clinic. Br Med J 1984;289: 726-8.

23. Shear C et al. Provider continuity and quality of medical care. Med Care. 1983; 21:1204-10.

24. Molstad S. Antibiotics Usage and Betalactamase Production in Respiratory Tract Bacteria, Lund 1990; Thesis: Student litteratur. Lund.

25. Bass M et al. The physician's actions and the outcome of illness in family practice. J Fam Pract 1986;23: 43-7

26. Dietrich AJ, Marton Kl: Does continuous care from a physician make a difference? J Fam Pract 1982;15: 929-36.

27. Hakansson A. Epidemiology of pregnancy and infancy. Population-based studies in primary health care. Thesis. Dalby 1989, Lunds Universitet.

28. Committee on the cost of medical care. Medical care for American people. (Chicago CCMC, 1932) Reprinted by the US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Washington DC 1970.

29. Clancy CM, Hillner BE. Physicians as gatekeepers: the impact of financial incentives. Arch Intern Med 1989;149: 917-29.

30. Epstein Am, Begg CG, McNeil BJ. The use of ambulatory testing in prepaid and fee-for-service group practices: relation to perceived profitability. N Eng J Med. 1986; 314: 1089-94.

31. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N. The nature of adverse events in hospitalised patients - results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study 11. Eng J Med. 1991;324: 377-84.

32. Franks P, Clancy C, Nutting P. Gatekeeping revisited - protecting patients from overtreatment.  Eng J Med 1992;327: 424-7.

33. Fishbone M, Starfield B. Child health care in the US. A comparison of paediatricians and general practitioners. Eng J Med. 1981;305:552.56.157.

34. Moloney TW, Rogers DE. Medical Technology: A different view of the contentious debate over costs. Eng J Med 1979;301: 1413-9.

35. Paxton HT, Generalist vs Specialists: The battle for patients heats up. Med Economy. 1983:200-9.

36. Siu AL, Leibowitz A, Brook RH, et al. Use of the hospital in a randomised trial of prepaid care. JAMA 1988;259: 1343-6.

37. Hornbrook M Berki S. Practice mode and payment method. Med Care 1985;23: 484-511.

38. Manning WG, Leibowitz A, Goldbert GA, et al. A controlled trial of the effect of a prepaid group practice on use of services. N Eng J Med 1984;310: 1505.

39. Johnson RE, Vogt TM, Penn Rl, An episode approach to the care and cost of obesity. J Amb Care Mgmt 1984; 7: 47.

40. Arnold RJ, Debrock LW, Pollard JW. Do HMO's produce specific services more efficiently? Inquiry 1984;21: 243.

41. Hillman A, et al. How do financial incentives affect clinical decisions and financial performance of health maintenance organisations? N Eng J Med 1989;321: 86-91.

42. Hustead EC, Sharfstein SS: Utilisation and cost of mental illness coverage in Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. 1973 Am J Psychiat. 1978;135: 315.

43. Donabedian A. The quality of care in a health maintenance organisation. Inquiry 1983;20: 218.

44. Cunningham FC, Williamson JW. How does the quality of care in HMO's compare to that in other settings? An analytic literature revue. 1958-1979. Group Health J 1980;1: 4.

45. Brook R, et al. Quality of ambulatory care. Med Care 1990;28: 392-433.

46. Udvarhelyi S, et al. Comparison of the quality of ambulatory care for fee-for-service and prepaid patients. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115: 394-400.

47. Murray P, et al. Ambulatory testing for capitation and fee-for service patients in the same practice setting. Med Care 1992;30: 252-61.

48. Henbest R, Stewart MA. Patient-centredness in the consultation. 1: A measurement, Fam Pract 1989;6: 249-53.

49. Henbest R, Stewart M. Patient-centredness in the consultation.2. Does it really make a difference? Fam Pract 1990;7: 28-33.

50. Henbest R. Patient-centredness: Is it applicable outside the west? Its measurement and effect on outcome. Fam Pract 1992;9: 311-7.

51. Dale J, Lang H, Roberts JA, Green J, Glucksman E. Cost effectiveness of treating primary care patients in accident and emergency: a comparison between general practitioners, senior house officers, and registrars. BMJ 1996;312: 1340-4.

The Singapore Family Physician – 1997 Vol. XXIII No. 2